All posts by peterboroughmastergardeners

Bugs, Insects, Slugs and Bugs, Websites

Why Spiders are Your Greatest Garden Guardians

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By Thom Luloff, Master Gardener in Training

If you’re an avid gardener, you’ve likely encountered spiders in your flower beds, vegetable patches, or even hanging from delicate webs strung between your favorite plants. For many, spiders evoke an immediate reaction of discomfort or fear, but these eight-legged creatures are some of your garden’s most important—and often underappreciated—residents.  Spiders play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and biodiversity, and they can be your best allies in managing pests without the need for chemical sprays.

The Ecological Role of Spiders

Spiders are predators—and highly effective ones at that. They feed on a variety of garden pests such as aphids, flies, beetles, and caterpillars, which, if left unchecked, could wreak havoc on your plants. By keeping these populations in check, spiders act as a natural form of pest control, reducing the need for harmful insecticides. In fact, studies show that spiders consume more insects each year than the weight of the entire human population combined! Garden ecosystems would struggle to manage pest populations, leading to overpopulation of insects that can damage crops and ornamental plants. In addition to maintaining balance in pest populations, spiders contribute to the biodiversity of your garden by providing food for other wildlife, such as birds and small mammals.

The Evolutionary Journey of Spiders

Spiders have been around for over 300 million years, evolving from ancient arachnid ancestors that roamed the Earth long before the dinosaurs. Through millions of years of evolution, they developed their silk-spinning abilities, which they now use for everything from building webs to creating egg sacs and even parachuting as juveniles (yes, baby spiders can “fly” short distances on silk threads). This evolutionary adaptability has made them some of the most successful predators on the planet, thriving in almost every environment, from deserts to forests—and yes, your garden.

Cool Facts

  1. Not all spiders spin webs—some, like the jumping spider, actively hunt their prey, pouncing on insects with speed and precision.
  2. Spider silk is one of the strongest materials in nature, stronger than steel of the same thickness, and scientists are studying how to replicate it for human use .
  3. A female spider can produce thousands of eggs, though only a small percentage will survive to adulthood, ensuring that spider populations remain balanced in the ecosystem.

Spiders: Friends, Not Vermin

Contrary to popular belief, spiders are not vermin. Unlike pests like rats or cockroaches, spiders do not scavenge human food or spread disease. They are solitary creatures that prefer to be left alone, and they actively help your garden by preying on harmful insects. A garden without spiders would be more vulnerable to insect infestations, leading to less healthy plants and lower yields of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

Thom with the Barn Orb-Weaver, his favourite spider 🙂

Meet 4 Friendly Garden Spiders of Peterborough

Now that you know how vital spiders are, let’s introduce you to five common garden spiders you might encounter in your Peterborough garden. These gentle creatures are doing hard work to keep your garden healthy, so next time you see them, take a moment to appreciate their efforts.

  1. Barn Orb-Weaver, Araneus cavaticus
    • This fascinating garden ally is known for constructing large, intricate orb-shaped webs. These spiders are commonly found in barns, sheds, and near garden structures, often spinning their webs at night. Characterized by their rounded, bulbous abdomen, Barn Orb-Weavers typically range in color from orange to brown, with distinctive pale markings on their bodies. Despite their size and striking appearance, Barn Orb-Weavers are harmless to humans. They serve as a valuable asset in the garden by controlling insect populations, catching flies, moths, and other garden pests in their webs. Active from late summer through fall, they rebuild their webs each night, ensuring a fresh, sticky trap for their next meal. Known for being the inspiration behind Charlotte in the beloved story Charlotte’s Web, this spider holds a special place not just in literature, but in the ecological balance of gardens and rural spaces alike. Their presence signals a healthy ecosystem, and their web-spinning talents should be welcomed as an essential part of nature’s pest control system.
  2. Bold Jumping Spider (Phidippus audax)
    • With their striking black bodies and iridescent green or blue chelicerae (mouthparts), jumping spiders are some of the most curious and approachable spiders you’ll meet. These small but mighty spiders don’t spin webs to catch prey; instead, they leap from plant to plant, using their excellent eyesight to hunt down pests.
  3. Yellow Garden Spider (Argiope aurantia)
    • This stunning black-and-yellow spider is often found in gardens with tall plants and flowers. Known for its large, wheel-shaped web, the yellow garden spider weaves a zigzag pattern in the center of its web, which is believed to help it catch even more insects. It’s a fantastic predator of flying insects like mosquitoes and flies.
  4. Wolf Spider (Pardosa species)
    • Unlike orb-weavers, wolf spiders do not create webs. Instead, they are ground-dwellers that chase down their prey in garden beds and among fallen leaves. Though they may look a bit intimidating due to their size and speed, they are completely harmless to humans and extremely beneficial to gardeners

Where Do Spiders Fit in the Ecosystem?

Spiders are an integral part of the ecosystem, serving as both predators and prey. By keeping insect populations in check, they ensure that plants remain healthy and free of infestations. They also provide food for birds, reptiles, and other animals higher up in the food chain. If we were to eliminate spiders, we would see a rise in destructive insect populations, which could lead to reduced biodiversity and weaker ecosystems overall. Encouraging spiders to thrive in your garden is one of the best things you can do for your plants, your local wildlife, and the environment. So, the next time you spot a spider spinning its web or prowling the garden floor, take a moment to thank it for the invaluable service it’s providing. No squishing!

Conclusion: A Home for Spiders Is a Healthy Garden

In the grand scheme of nature, spiders are our silent partners, working diligently to create a balanced, thriving environment. By welcoming them into our gardens, we contribute to a healthier ecosystem and ensure that our plants can flourish without the need for harmful chemicals. So, let’s embrace our eight-legged friends and recognize that the key to a healthy, biodiverse garden might just be hanging from the next web you see.

References

  1. Nyffeler, M., & Birkhofer, K. (2017). An estimated 400–800 million tons of prey are annually killed by the global spider community. The Science of Nature, 104(3), 30.
  2. Foelix, R. F. (2011). Biology of Spiders (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  3. Garwood, R. J., & Dunlop, J. A. (2014). The origins of spiders: Insights from the fossil record. Evolutionary Biology, 41(3), 523-535.
  4. Vollrath, F., & Knight, D. P. (2001). Liquid crystalline spinning of spider silk. Nature, 410, 541-548
Fruits, Health, Information, Perennials, Vegetable Gardening

Things to be Thankful For

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By Christine Freeburn, Master Gardener

As we celebrate Thanksgiving this year, we should think about what we are thankful for in our gardens. I recently asked my Master Gardener friends to share what they are thankful for.

Rainfall – Everyone was happy with the amount of rain we received this year. According to the Canada Weather Stats website (peterborough.weatherstats.ca), our rainfall for the period from July 2023 to June 2024 was over 100mm more than the same months in the previous year. And we seemed to have it at the right times. Although rain is great, it is important to remember that watering still needs to be done, especially containers of annuals and vegetables and hanging pots. When plants get big and fill the pots, the rain may not get down into the soil which is where you want the moisture to go.

Good educational information – As Master Gardeners, we use scientifically-based resources for answering gardening-related questions. Use the extension “.edu” or “.sci”  in the search box when you are googling. There is so much information out there, but we need to be sure it is the correct information. Master Gardeners are always asking questions, learning and sharing their knowledge.

Healthy Gardens –  Feeding the soil is a big part of having a healthy garden. Putting good quality topsoil in a new garden area, and adding organic compost annually will help your soil. Mulching holds the moisture and suppresses weeds. Leaves are great for mulching on your perennial beds. Free local wood chips supplied by Ontario Hydro were a great mulch for one gardener.

Good Harvests – Vegetable gardens were bountiful this year. Thanks to an exceptional harvest of peppers, tomatoes and beets, there are stuffed peppers in the freezer, tomato sauce and salsa and pickled beets in the cupboard. Carrots and brussel sprouts grew well and herbs like parsley and rosemary were huge and healthy. One gardener reported two butternut squash plants produced 20 squash!

Beautiful Flowers – With all the rain and heat, hostas were huge, sunflowers towering, clematis bloomed long and luscious. Everything seemed to be big and beautiful and most bloomed earlier and longer than normal. Container annuals like coleus grew huge and healthy.

Nature in the Garden – Master Gardeners actively promote native plants in the garden to encourage more pollinators. Integrating natives amongst your cultivars works well if you don’t want that ‘wild’ appearance many natives provide. Several gardeners reported visits from birds like Chickadees, American Robins and House Wrens that made their nests and raised their babies in their gardens. Cedar Waxwings, White-Throated Sparrows, Song Sparrows, Dark-Eyed Juncos, American Goldfinches, Northern Cardinals, Hairy Woodpecker, and a Common Yellowthroat came to visit and forage. Birds are great for the garden as they will eat many pests. And they give us enjoyment.

I am trying to be thankful for the skunk who has been visiting my yard and digging grubs. My yard looks like a minefield, but it is healthier!

What are you thankful for in your garden?

Happy Thanksgiving!

And thank you to MJ, Gladys, Carol, Laura, Chris, Jenn, Silvia, Cheryl, Deb, Grant, & Mary Kathleen.

Bugs, Information, Insects, Websites

Fall and the Invasion of the Earwigs

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As fall arrives, many gardeners notice an increase in earwigs lurking around their plants. These small, dark brown insects with pincers on their tails can look a bit intimidating, but their impact on your garden is a mix of good and bad.

Earwigs get their name from the old European myth that they crawl into your ears and tunnel into your brain to lay their eggs while you are sleeping. YIKES! Lucky for us, this old wives’ tale is not true. But the pincers on the back on an earwig’s body are still enough to freak people out. 

Earwigs are most active at night and can often be found hiding in damp, dark spots during the day. In the fall, they seek shelter from the cooler weather, often in garden beds, under mulch, or in piles of leaves. While earwigs have a bad reputation for munching on plants, their role in the garden isn’t all negative.

On the downside, earwigs do eat leaves, flowers, and vegetables like lettuce, strawberries, and soft fruits, which can cause damage to your garden. However, they don’t typically cause significant harm unless their population is out of control like in a season that’s wetter than normal.

On the positive side, earwigs help clean up the garden by eating decaying plant matter and even feeding on pests like aphids and mites. This makes them useful in keeping some pest populations down naturally. Earwigs will even eat other earwigs!

If you find earwigs causing damage, there are simple ways to manage them. Traps made from rolled-up newspaper or damp cardboard can attract them overnight. In the morning, simply dispose of the traps.

While earwigs can cause some harm to plants, they also play a helpful role in garden cleanup and pest control, making them a creature worth understanding in the fall garden ecosystem.

Resources

https://www.environmentalpestcontrol.ca/blog/earwigs-good-bad-ugly

https://www.growveg.com/guides/dealing-with-earwigs-in-your-vegetable-garden/

Advice, Compost, Fertilizer

Bokashi Method of Composting

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By Marjorie Vendrig, Master Gardener in Training

Five years ago I moved from a large rural garden outside Ottawa to a small urban lot in downtown Peterborough. One of the biggest changes in my gardening practice was making the switch from large, multi-bin composting to a single, small, black plastic bin. Over the years in my Ottawa garden I had developed a good system for adding kitchen and garden waste, turning the compost, adding leaf mulch,  then spreading the compost over the gardens. Here in Peterborough, my small plastic bin was productive on a smaller scale but the raccoons, bunnies, and rats managed to chew through the plastic and serve themselves. It was more of a mess than a benefit. They defeated me. Thankfully, the municipal kitchen waste program kicked in about the time the racoons moved in, giving me a reasonable alternative for kitchen waste. My garden wasn’t getting much benefit except for the fall leaves that I mulched and put over the beds.

I realized that I really miss composting and I would prefer to be putting my own food scraps back into my garden.  I started looking into composting systems for small spaces and came across bokashi composting. It’s not really composting, rather a fermentation process, and described as perfect for small spaces. Sometimes called a ‘pre-compost’ process,  the fermented results are added to worm compost or outdoor compost where decomposition is completed. It’s also anaerobic so there’s no need to turn the compost or layer materials. The process is fairly fast, about two weeks for the initial fermentation step. Any kitchen waste, including meat, cheese, oil, can be added. Bokashi is a Japanese word meaning fermented organic matter; the practice originated in Japan.

The anaerobic fermentation process  requires an accelerator, something like a starter for sourdough baking. It is often referred to as ‘bokashi bran’, the bran inoculated with microorganisms – fungi,  lactobacteria, phytobacteria.  It’s easy enough to put together a homemade system with a few 5-gallon buckets –  one with a tight sealing lid – and other household items. One bucket should have holes drilled in the bottom; this bucket is placed inside the other; the holes allowing any moisture from the fermenting food to drip into the bottom bucket. Fill the top bucket with layers of small 2 – 3” kitchen scraps and bokashi bran until the bucket is almost full, cover and press with a layer of waxed paper, a cloth, or even some foam before sealing the bucket with the lid and leaving for a few weeks to ferment.  After about one week some white mold with develop, after two weeks the bucket will smell like pickles and the fermented material can be buried in the garden about 6-12”deep. It will decompose fairly quickly in the garden and planting can be done around the fermented trough after a few weeks. Alternatively, it can be added to the compost heap or even into a large tub of soil indoors where it will continue to decompose. Any liquid  – the ‘tea’ in the bottom bucket can be added to the compost or garden as well.

Bokashi bran is widely available online and at some garden centres; it’s also possible to buy a kit that includes bran, several buckets, and instructions. The buckets in the kits often have a tap and reservoir so the ‘tea’ can be collected at the bottom of the bucket.  Like sourdough starter, the bran can be made at home, though some starters work more quickly than others. It’s worth experimenting to test a few products and compare results. I’ve learned that a few cities in western Canada have municipal bokashi programs so it is possible in colder climates. On a large scale, it is also being trialled at Sissinghurst, a famous garden in the UK. 

The image on the left shows bokashi bran sprinkled on kitchen scraps.

The image on the right shows soil with fermented kitchen scraps after a few weeks in soil.

Resources

https://www.saskwastereduction.ca/recycle/resources/composting/bokashi-buckets/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokashi_(horticulture)#:~:text=Bokashi%20is%20a%20process%20that,by%20specialist%20bacteria%2C%20not%20decomposed.

https://www.gardensillustrated.com/garden-equipment/lifestyle/best-bokashi-bins

Information, Seeds, Websites

Saving Seeds

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By Judy Bernard, Master Gardener

When I was asked to put together an article on seed saving for our local Horticultural Society’s newsletter, I thought it would also be a good topic for this forum. Seed collecting can be a fun activity. You can share the seeds with other gardeners and trade for some varieties you don’t have in your garden.

Some things are quite obvious; like pumpkin seeds and squash seeds that you save, dry, and keep for the next year. Vegetable seeds too can be saved, like beans and peas when they get too ripe to eat; let them mature on the plants until the pods are dry and harvest the seeds.

By not deadheading some flowers, you can let them  go to seed and collect the seeds when the flower heads have dried. Many plants will self-seed like the dandelions we see all over our lawns. By collecting seeds we have some control over where they will grow.

For the most part, the majority of plants flower yearly, however there are those that only come into flower every other year like Hollyhocks and members of the carrot family. This can be frustrating if you forget where you have seeds planted or scattered like I do. This link describes types of plants.

For most seeds, we don’t have to do anything else except collect the seeds, and plant them the following year. Others do need special treatment:

  • Fermentation – A process where the outer gelatinous “skin” (my term) is removed from the seeds of such vegetables as tomatoes and cucumbers.
  • Scarification – Some seed shells are so hard that they need to be abraded or sanded/scratched to allow moisture to get into the seed germ.
  • Stratification – Some seeds need a period of cold to allow them to germinate. Winter sowing is a form of this strategy.

Some seeds are viable for a long time, others not so. To check viability, wet a paper towel and partly wring it out. It should be wet but not dripping. Put a few seeds on one half of the towel, fold the other half of the  towel over seeds and put in a plastic bag and seal. Within a few days you will be able to tell if the seeds germinate or not.

Seeds need to be stored in a dry cool environment. I keep mine in a labeled paper envelope in a larger plastic box in the basement.

For more information on seed saving check out this excellent article from the University of Minnesota.

Have fun with this aspect of gardening!

Bulbs

Preparing a Spring Bulb Container…why wait for Spring?

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By Carol Anderson, Master Gardener

This is the time of year when spring bulbs begin to appear on store shelves…creating a sense of joy and excitement about what awaits us in the garden at the end of a long cold winter in Ontario.

While many gardeners will plan their bulb display in a prominent garden bed with high visibility, what about those of us living in small spaces, or without a prepared bed at the ready. We too can enjoy that first sight of spring by creating and storing a spring planter in the cool temperatures of the Fall.

In my mind, one of the most beautiful container displays is that of a layered spring bulb container planting with a variety of bulbs offering successive blooming. Here is what you need to consider.

Keep in mind that overwintering cold hardy bulbs in a container is not always easy. To force cold hardy bulbs into bloom you must first encourage them to produce new roots. Unlike other hardy perennials that are dormant throughout the winter, spring bulbs when planted in the fall must grow new roots to establish themselves. This can be accomplished by keeping the bulbs cool and moist for a period of time in their container. Dropping the temperature during the cooling period to mimic the shift in soil temperatures that occurs naturally during the winter is a very effective method to encourage rooting.

Bulbs grow right through the winter, producing roots and sprouts. Source: International Flower Bulb Center (from Laidback Gardener article)

To safely overwinter, either put the entire pot into the ground where the heat radiating up from the earth will prevent freezing or place it in an unheated garage where the temperature remains between 33-46 degrees F. Do NOT place the container in a heated garage or basement as bulbs need the chill period in order to produce bloom in the Spring.

To prepare a layered spring bulb container, consider the mature height of each plant, the timing of flowering, and the colour scheme. For example, a blue, yellow, and white colour scheme can be achieved by planting a white variety of tulip (Tulipa hybrids), yellow daffodil (Narcissus hybrids), and blue grape hyacinth (Muscari botryoides).

Layering is accomplished by planting the tallest bulb first (3 times the height of the bulb), layering soil on top, planting the next layer of bulbs, followed by soil, and finally the third layer of bulbs (the shortest and smallest) with the final layer of soil on top. The container should be watered well and finally stored where the bulbs will have a successful cold period of at least 3 months without freezing.

Source (used with permission – K. van Bourgondien Dutch Bulb Supplier)https://www.dutchbulbs.com/how_to_landscaping_with_bulbs_design_ideas

In early Spring, the container can be moved outside into the warm sunlight to encourage the bulbs to begin their spring growth. Keep in mind that although bulbs planted in a south or western exposure garden may sprout very early (often with snow on the ground), their roots are protected underground from frost penetration.

This is not the case with containers. As such, if there are persistent cold temperatures after the sun sets, you may need to move the container into the shelter of the garage at night until the nighttime temperatures remain above freezing.

Although this may sound like a lot of work, the early blooms of hardy spring bulbs make it worth it…they offer the first splash of colour against the often-dull gray backdrop of winters’ end, signaling the beginning of the growing season.

Having the container ready to go can mean that you will have a beautiful display of spring colour to adorn your front porch or deck.

Advice, Garden Design, Native Plants, Perennials, Planting, Shrubs & Trees

Fall is the New Spring…It’s Time to Plant

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by Emma Murphy, Master Gardener

I confess to LOVING this time of year. The heat and humidity of the summer is gone, and our gardens are still looking lovely. Although my established gardens are beginning the slow process of fading and getting settled in for their winter sleep, fall is a wonderful time to plant for so many reasons.

They may not look perfect but they’ll be going to sleep soon and will wake up next spring in their new homes.

You Have Time

Unlike your annuals or tender perennials, most perennials (and native plants in particular) can be planted in September and well into October (depending on where you live in Ontario).

Smaller trees and shrubs in particular are fine to plant once they have gone dormant and leaves have dropped, as long as they are well watered until freeze up.

I love the fall as it seems less frenzied than the spring gardening season, with time to reflect on the summer that has passed. Unlike spring and summer, temperatures moderate during fall, not only for the plants but also for us! It’s terrific working weather – you start with your sweatshirt on in the morning, but by the afternoon the temperatures have warmed up considerably and you might be in a t-shirt. During July and August I can only work in my gardens in the early morning or late evening due to the heat. Your plants don’t like to be planted in the heat of summer either. So fall is my happy time.

Assessing and Dividing

Fall is the perfect time to look around your garden – do you have holes, bad-looking spots, poorly performing plants? Are there places that need something new or something moved?

I need to revamp this garden and think about moving some perennials around.

Fall is a great time to divide overgrown perennials, especially those that bloom in the spring. I just dug up all of my fragrant hostas the other day and moved them to a new location so that I can expand my shade native plant garden. Next up – planting a hedgerow.

Hostas at the front of the bed were removed to put in more native plants

Warmer Soil Temperatures

During fall, soil temperatures remain warm from the summer sun, so conditions are ideal for root growth.

Cooler Air Temperatures

Gone is the humidity and heat of the summer and the unpredictability of spring weather (and worries about frost). Daytime high temperatures are nice and there is less water evaporation from leaves.

More Rain, Less Work

With fall also comes more frequent rainfall and less need to water new plantings. There aren’t crazy swings in moisture levels – fall rains are warm and welcome and moisture levels are perfectly balanced, encouraging root growth.

When you plant in spring and early summer, the weather can be very variable, especially with regard to temperatures and rainfall. The soil is still cool, and plants take a while to get established.

Fall rains rejuvenate our gardens

Some Challenges

It can be challenging to plant new perennials in the fall – stock and selections at nurseries may be less (however the prices may be better!) and some plants have been sitting in plastic pots for months and look less than perfect. Be sure to purchase new plants at a nursery that takes good care of their plants over the gardening season (that generally does not include big box stores – shop local where you can) and pull the plant out and check for a healthy root mass in the pot.

Ideally, give your plants at least 6 weeks of optimal growing weather of fall before the colder winds start blowing in.

One Last Note

It’s a really good idea to add mulch to your fall gardening – it helps insulate the ground and maintains warm soil temperatures even during early winters. So, you are providing a nice warm area for young plants to establish their root systems before the frost.

A Special Note on Native Plants

They might look a little sad in the nursery, with not much top growth and it may be browning. However, under that soil are roots, lots of roots, and that is what you are buying when you purchase a native plant.

Although a bit brown on top, this native plant has great roots
just ready for a new home.

So when you see a small three inch plant with roots coming out the bottom, recognize that it’s the perfect size to plant, and don’t worry about its ability to survive the winter.

Sleep, Creep, Leap

You may have heard the phrase “sleep, creep, leap” with respect to many plants, and especially native plants. Unlike most perennials, native plants just want to get their roots established during the first year (which is why they appear to ‘sleep’).

So if you plant in the fall, the roots are growing furiously, pushing south to grab moisture and nutrients to sustain them through the heat of summer next year. In the second year native plants creep, with more top growth and maybe even flowering. Watch out in the third year! They leap to their full size and blooming capacity.

So, if you can plant in the fall, the sooner your native plants can put down their roots in their new home, and be ready to grow in the spring season.

Bottom line? Fall weather is optimal for growth.

The perfect combo of warm soil temperatures near the root and cooler air temperatures on the top offer the ideal growing conditions for any new plantings or dividing existing perennials.

So get out in your gardens! (It’s also time to think about planting your spring flowering bulbs. Check out Master Gardener Cheryl Harrison’s excellent blog on how to do this.

Advice, Native Plants, Shrubs & Trees

Garden Jeopardy: The Small Native Tree Edition

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By Lois Scott, Master Gardener

Welcome to the second edition of Garden Jeopardy featuring a number of smaller native trees. 

I do love trees and in my suburban garden the opportunity to grow multiple smaller varieties is appealing.  The choices are many and discovering an interesting characteristic or benefit about a particular species inspires my choices.  Hopefully this edition will be inspiring for gardeners looking to add more trees to their gardens this fall.  You can confirm your responses at the end.

  1.  A shade-tolerant tree with smooth, blue-tinged bark and a fluted trunk sometimes known as ‘musclewood’.
  2. A tree that bears white, showy clusters of flowers in June or July that develop into orange or red fruits that are persistant throughout the winter and much loved by birds.
  3. A small evergreen tree that is resistant to insects and rot, rarely requires pruning and produces dark blue, berry-like cones that are a food source for Cedar Waxwings.
  4. A species at risk tree for part to full shade that is a host tree for the Giant Swallowtail butterfly, the largest butterfly found in Canada.
  5. An understory tree with branches in distinct layers that produces clusters of white flowers in spring, red leaves in the fall and is an important butterfly larval host.
  6. A tough, adaptable and urban friendly tree with a distinct upright trunk, wide-spreading crown and the densest Canadian wood.
  7. A tree bearing pea-flower shaped intense pink flowers in spring prior to leafing out, that is not native to Peterborough but will thrive here in a protected area.
  8. An excellent Peterborough source for the aforementioned trees.
A bedraggled Giant Swallowtail in my garden.

  1. What is the Blue Beech; Carpinus caroliniana?
  2. What is the American Mountain Ash; Sorbus americana?
  3. What is the Eastern Redcedar; Juniperus virginiana?
  4. What is the Common Hoptree; Ptelea trifoliata?
  5. What is the Alternate-Leaf Dogwood; Cornus alternifolia?
  6. What is the Ironwood, Hop-hornbeam; Ostrya virginiana?
  7. What is the Redbud; Cercis canadensis?
  8. What is Ecology Park Native Plant Nursery?  https://greenup.on.ca/ecology-park/
Pagoda Dogwood in fall.

Thank you for participating in this edition of Garden Jeopardy!  For information on tree planting please check out MG Cheryl Harrison’s blog on planting trees which includes a link on how to properly plant a tree. https://peterboroughmastergardeners.com/2024/04/22/earth-day-2024-plant-a-tree/

Annuals, Planting, Propagation, Seeds, Winter Sowing

Don’t Let Facts Keep You From Gardening – An Observation

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by Marilyn Homewood, Master Gardener

Master Gardeners (MGs) in the Province of Ontario are experienced gardeners who have studied horticulture extensively and who continue to upgrade their skills through technical training. With this training MG’s are able provide quality horticultural advice to the general public via garden clinics, telephone, letters, displays, workshops, television, radio, the web and newspaper articles. This provides the public with advice based on science.

BUT… “Book Learning” (as the older farmers in my neighbourhood refer to it) doesn’t always tell the whole story. There are many instances where the “right” answer is not always the best or the only answer. For example, Dr. Keith Hammett, a famous sweet pea breeder and researcher maintains that sweet pea seeds do not require soaking in order to aid in germination.

However, at my house any of the unsoaked sweet peas seeds never germinate while the soaked seeds of the same varieties do. Same seeds, same potting mix, same growing conditions. What’s up??? In order to ensure I have plants; I simply soak my seeds.

For the past couple of years I have been trying (unsuccessfully) to grow breadseed poppies. Conventional wisdom states that these seeds are best direct seeded outside in early spring as poppies do not tolerate root disturbance and transplanting. But when I direct seed nothing comes of it.

This past winter, I decided to ignore conventional wisdom and to conduct my own trial at home. I sowed the same type of bread seed poppies three different ways: Winter sowing, in trays indoors that would later be transplanted and direct sown into the ground.

The winter sown seeds were not as plentiful as I thought they may be but some germinated which I transplanted in the bed. I suspect that a heavy rain had washed the seed to the side of the shed the seed to the sides of the container where only a few germinated.

Winter sown seedlings at container’s edge

The direct sown seeds for the most part did not germinate and the few that developed did so late in the year. However, the indoor raised seeds did well. So much so that I always seemed to be thinning them.

Being mindful of their sensitive roots I sowed a number of seeds into larger cells. Plants were thinned not by pulling which might disturb the remaining roots but by cutting off at the soil surface with scissors. When it came time to transplant outside, the entire cell was lifted and transplanted into the soil.

Seedlings started indoors in large cells.
Seedlings transplanted to garden. Tiny seedlings are from direct sowing.

I had direct sown 4 lines of seed in the area that I transplanted the winter sown and indoor started plants. As time passed the indoor started seedlings overtook the others and produced the best and the most plants. The other methods did work but not well and the method cautioned against was the most successful. I suspect that I mitigated the problems of root disturbance by using an overly large cell to start them in and handle them as a unit.

Mature Sissinghurst White Breadseed Poppies.
Seed pod on Bowling Ball Poppy.

It isn’t that the conventional recommendation is wrong, it is wrong for my situation (I often do not have enough consistent moisture in order for direct seeding to be successful).

Here’s how I look at it. The facts are the guidelines we use to get started and our experience can fill in rest. Never stop experimenting with new methods. After all, someone had to be the first to try winter sowing or no till gardening.

Advice, Herbs, Vegetable Gardening

It’s Not Too Late! Try Fall Vegetable Gardening!

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by Rachel Foebel, Master Gardener In Training

In the world of vegetable gardening, the fall garden starts about mid to late summer. This is an unusual time to think about starting seedlings or putting seeds in the ground for many.

Busy summer schedules, hot dry weather and maybe even lack of interest in the garden at this point in the year make the fall garden less popular. Perhaps gardening is not a project that’s high on your list in the middle of summer vacation.

Here is why I think you should do it anyway!

  • A chance to try some cool weather crops that don’t like the heat of summer.
  • Many fall garden vegetables taste better or sweeter in the cooler weather or after a frost.
  • Tasty herbs that can be enjoyed fresh and brought inside for winter.
  • Making use of available space after harvesting a summer crop.  
  • Fewer bugs and weeds to contend with (in theory).
  • Helps the garden to look fresh and tidy and less like a shaggy jungle this time of year (if you’re anything like me).

How To Get Started

In general, you learn the first frost date for your area and count backwards based on the number of days your fall garden varieties need to reach maturity. In the Peterborough area, we can expect our first frost around the end of September or early October. This means there are about 40-50 days to work with from the day of this post (mid-August). Keep in mind, a lot of fall- friendly garden varieties can easily survive light frosts. This means you have more than enough time to grow some delicious food.

Here are some sources to help determine your growing zone’s last frost date:

Below is a list of plants that can be harvested 40-50 days from germination and tolerate light frosts. (The numbers can vary depending on the variety. Choose short season varieties if possible.)

  • Spinach
  • Lettuce (greens, not head)
  • Bok Choy
  • Cilantro
  • Turnips
  • Radishes
  • Green Onions
  • Mustard Greens
  • Swiss Chard
  • Arugula

This website has some more unique varieties to suggest:

Additionally, here are some vegetables that take longer to reach maturity but can also handle light frosts:

  • Carrots (70-80 days, depending on the variety – can be stored in the cool soil until snow comes)
  • Leeks (100-120 days – can be harvested as early as 60 days)
  • Parsley (60-70 days – these can be slow to germinate, so if you can find a plant, perfect!)

Some late season carrot seedlings popping up in the bed I recently harvested my garlic from.

You can also consider some cool weather crops with a slightly longer growing time by starting your fall garden a little earlier next year. Examples: Broccoli, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Potatoes.

Get Planting!

  • You can start your seeds in trays in a sunny window or sow right into the garden, outdoor pot, window box, etc.
  • Amend your soil with compost if you have it available.
  • Plant your seeds and water daily to ensure the seeds have a good chance to germinate. Decrease the frequency as sprouts appear.
  • Don’t forget to leave space to plant your garlic in the fall!

Trouble Seed Sourcing in Late Summer?

  • Use any extra seeds from spring.
  • Look for seed sales as companies look to clear out their seeds that can’t be sold next year.
  • Learn to seed save. It’s easier than you might think!
  • Allow your spring/summer plants to self seed. Ex. kale, cilantro, lettuce, spinach, etc.
Some kale seed pods from my spring plants that I can use for a fall crop.
A few trays of greens to go out into the garden for fall eating.

Good luck!